变绿白环蘑Leucoagaricus flavovirens

描述1 描述来源：Two new unusual Leucoagaricus species (Agaricaceae) from tropical China with blue-green staining reactions
类型：原白（原始描述）
描述原文：
Leucoagaricus flavovirens J.F. Liang,Zhu L. Yang &J Xu, sp. nov. Fig.1
MycoBank MB515455
Pileus initio campanulatus, deinde convexus vel applana tus, albidus, in acruginosum transit si contundatur, medio fusco grisco vel nigello, squamulis fibrillosis, griseis, purpur cogriscis vel griscofuscis. Lamellae liberac, flavo-viridac. Stipes subcylindricus vel sursum attenuatus, annulatus, glabrus. Caro cremea, pallide flavida vel flavida, in aeru- ginosum transit si contundatur. Basidiosporae 5.0-7.0x3.5-4.5 um, ellipsoideae vel subamyodaliformes, hyalinac, dextrinoideac. Basidia clavata, 4 sporigera, raro 2-sporigera. Cheilocystidia fusoidea, incolorata. Pleurocystidia nulla. Squamulae pilei ex hyphis cylindricis teminalibus compos itac. Fibulae absentes.
Holotypus. JF.Liang 90c(HKAS 29580),650 m, 14 Jul 2005, Gouguyulin, Jianfengling, Ledong County, Hainan Province, China.
Etymology. Named because of greenish yellow basi- diomata.
Basidiomata (Fig. 1A). Pileus 1-3 cm diam, when young campanulate, expanding to plano-convex to applanate, sometimes center obtusely umbonate; surface dark gray (4F1) to blackish (1F1) at the center, elsewhere pale yellow (1B4) but becoming dark bluish green (24A7-8) when dried, with brown- ish gray (1E2), gray (4C1) to purplish gray (13D2-3) or grayish green (28C3-4) appressed to radially fibrillose squamules, sometimes in some collections with minute brownish red (11C7-8) squamules; margin nonstriate. Context cream to yellowish or yellow, turning bluish green where bruised, only about 0.3 mm thick. Lamellae free, crowded, greenish yellow (1A7-8), greenish yellow to deep green, bruising bluish green, lamellulae present. Stipe 2-3.4 cm x 2-3 mm, subcylindrical, attenuate, slightly curved at the base, smooth, hollow, greenish yellow but turning bluish green where handled. Annulus present, superior, membranous, greenish yellow, bruising bluish green, often disappearing. Odor none. Flavor not recorded.
Basidiospores (Fig.1B)[104/4/4] (4.5-)5.0-7.0(-7.5) x (3.0-)3.5-4.5(-5.0) um (Q =[1.22]1.33-1.75[-1.88],Q = 1.56 ± 0.12), ellipsoid to subamygdaliform with slightly straight adaxial side in side view. attenuate, without suprahilar depression and germ pore, ellipsoid to ovoid in front view, hyaline, smoo th. slightly thick-walled, strongly dextrinoid, congophilic, metachromatic in cresyl blue, with guttulate contents Basidia 13-20 x 7-11 um, clavate, four-spored, rarely two-spored, hyaline. sterigmata short and thin. Cheilocystidia (Fig.1C)(21-)24-45(-48) x (6-)8-15(-17) um, fusiform with a short apical appendage; apical appendage submoniliform or subcylindrical, attenuate. often narrowed. occasionally septate: walls smooth, thin, hyaline in KOH, congophilic. Pleur ocystidia absent. Pileipellis (Fic.1D) a loosely ar ranged cutis of frequently septate cylindrical hyphae, occasionally lower part of the hyphae encrusted with brown pigments; terminal elements barely differenti ated. 20-76 x 5-11 um, subcylindrical, thin-walled. with pale yellow intracellular pigments. Clamp connections absent.
Materials examined: CHINA: Hainan Province, Ledong County,Jianfengling (18"23'-18 50'N, 108 36'-109 05'E). Gouguyulin, 650 m, 14 Jul 2005, IF. Liang 90c (HKAS29580. holotype); same location, 14 Jul 2005,F.Liang 90b(HKAS 29579); Mingfenggu, 950 m, 13 Jul 2005, J.F. Liang90a(HKAS 29578); Yunnan Province, Jinghong (22°0'46"N100°47'37"E), Dadugang, on the ground, 1050 m, 6 Jul2006,J.F. Liang 308 (HKAS 50024).
Habitat. Solitary on the ground in tropical rain forest or other forests in tropical regions.
Known distribution. Known only from tropical China.
Notes. Leucoagaricus flavovirens is characterized by the greenish vellowish context. fusiform cheilocvstidia with a short apical appendage, the absence of pleurocystidia, and the bluish green change of basidiomata where bruised or when dried.
Among species of Lepiota it is not uncommon to observe bluish green bruising. Lepiota cyanescens Beeli(Beeli 1927).L. viriditincta, L. caerulescens.L. wirescens(Speg.) Morgan (Morgan 1906) and L. virescens Pat. (Patouillard 1924) also display similar reactions when handled. However these species have white instead of yellowish to yellow context. In addition L. cyanescens has larger basidiospores than La. flavovirenswhile L. viridilincla has broadly clavate cheilocystidia. Lepiota caerulescens and L. virescens(Speg.) Morgan, which Morgan (1906) treated as a single species, have fleeting bluish tints and broadly clavate cheilocystidia. Lepiota virescens Pat. has brown and pulverulent squamules on the pileus. These characters distinguish these species from La. flavovirens.
Our literature review indicates that several de- scribed species possess similar bruising reactions and yellow context. These include L. subcitrophylla Hongo (Hongo 1956),L. trichroma Montoya & Bandala (Montova and Bandala 2005), La. viridi flavoides Akers & Angel and La. sulphurellus (Pegler) Akers (Akers et al. 2000). However L. subcitrophylla and L. trichroma differ from La. flavovirens by having basally truncate, spurred basidiospores and the common presence of clamp connections. La. viridi lavoides and La. sulphurellussimilarly differ from La. flavovirens by having basidiospores with a germ pore and abundant pleurocystidia.
Among the published species sharing certain features with La. flavovirens, La. viridiflavus (Petch) T.K.A. Kumar & Manim. deserves some attention. This species originally was described by Petch (1917) from Sri Lanka as L. viridiflava Petch (non L viridilava |Rick 1938] Singer 1975). The original description appears similar to that of La. flavovirens. The only known macromorphological difference is the color of the squamules on the pileus of l. viridi flava, which is dark green to green (Petch 1917). Unfortunately several micromorphological charac ters, such as the shape and the size of the cheilocys tidia and the structure of squamules on the pileus of L. viridiflava, are unknown. There was no citation of the type specimen or any other representative collections when Petch described the species as new. Pegler (1986) listed the species in his agaric flora of Sri Lanka “for the sake of completeness” but indicated that no collection of the species could be found or traced. Kumar and Manimohan (2009b) designated a neotype for L. viridiflavafrom Kerala, southern India, and proposed a new combination La viridiflavus. Leucoagaricus viridiflavus differs from La. flavovirens by having larger spores with a truncated apex and an inconspicuous germ pore.
Several other blue to dark blue species also are worth noting here. These include L. caerulea Beard- slee (Beardslee 1915).L. cyanea Rick. L. atrocoerulea Rick (Rick 1920) and L. azurea Singer (Singer and Digilio 1952). However their blue or dark blue appearance are their original context or squamules colors, not developed after bruising or drying. Lepiota cyanozonala Longyear (Longyear 1902) is pale blue but changes to a brownish tan when dried.

描述2 描述来源：中国真菌志 第52卷 环柄菇卷（蘑菇科）
类型：完整全面的描述（摘录自专著、论文等）
描述原文：
变绿白环蘑 图 79
Leucoagaricus flavovirens J.F. Liang, Zhu L. Yang &J.Xu,Mycologia 102: 1143, fig.1, 2010
担子果很小。菌盖直径1.2~3cm，初钟形后近平展，中央具较低且钝的凸起，青黑色、烟黑色至黑褐色，向边缘渐淡，浅黄绿色至青绿色，具红褐色、褐色至青黑色细纤毛状或绒毛状鳞片，边缘常开裂，受伤或干燥后变为深绿色至蓝绿色;菌肉黄白色薄，约0.3 mm 厚;菌褶离生，黄绿色，密，不等长，受伤或干燥后变为深绿色。菌柄长2.7~3.5cm，直径0.2~0.3 cm，近圆柱状，向基部渐粗，中空，黄绿色(与菌褶颜色相近)，近光滑无毛，基部略膨大或否，受伤或干燥后变为深绿色;菌环黄绿色，位于菌柄中上部，易脱落。
担子 13~22 x6~11 μm，棒状，多为4孢梗，偶具2梗。担孢子(4.5)5~7(8)x(3)3.5~4.5(5)μm[Q=(1.22)1.29~1.75(1.88)，Q=1.52±0.01]，侧面观椭圆形或杏仁形，上脐部不凹陷，顶部有时发尖，腹部平直或微凸，背腹观椭圆形或卵圆形，无芽孔，具0~1个小液滴，无色透明，光滑，壁略厚，强类糊精质，刚果红中几乎不着色或着色缓慢且很浅，呈浅砖红色，甲酚蓝中变红色;小尖细小。褶缘囊状体 21~48(57)x8~19μm，纺锤状，顶部呈指状或乳头状，极少棒状，常具有0~2个横隔，无色透明，薄壁，刚果红中浅砖红色，常密集排列成不育褶缘。侧生囊状体阙如。菌盖表面鳞片由呈毛状排列的菌丝组成，但菌丝在生长过程中常倒伏，末端细胞 20~94×5~16μm，无明显分化，圆柱状，菌丝常分枝，近无色或略带淡黄(极淡)色胞内色素薄壁，菌丝间有网结，在氢氧化钾(KOH)溶液中色素迅速扩散至周围液体中。锁状联合阙如。
生境:夏季生于热带和南亚热带林中地上。
世界分布:亚洲(中国)。
模式产地:中国(海南)。
研究标本:海南:乐东，尖峰岭，沟谷雨林，海拔650m，2005年7月14日，梁俊峰90c(HKAS 29580，主模式);乐东，尖峰岭，鸣凤谷，海拔950m，2005年7月13日，梁俊峰90b(HKAS29579);乐东，尖峰岭，天然植物园，海拔850m，2005年7月12日，梁俊峰90a(HKAS29578)。云南:景洪，大渡岗，海拔1350m，2006年7月6日，梁俊峰308(HKAS 50024)。
讨论:变绿白环蘑 La.flavovirens的主要特征是担子果呈浅绿黄色，受伤或干燥后变为深绿色，无侧生囊状体，褶缘囊状体纺锤形，顶部具指状凸起。
在广义环柄菇类中，受伤变为蓝绿色的物种并不十分常见，但L. cyanescens Beeli(Beeli,1927)、绿化白环蘑 La. viriditinctus(Berk. & Broome) J.F.Liang et al.、La. caerulescens (Peck) J.F.Liang et al.(Liang et al.,2010)、L. virescens (Speg.)Morgan (Morgan,1906)和L. virescens Pat.(Patouillard,1924)受伤后均变为蓝色。然而，上述这些种都具有白色的菌肉而非浅黄绿色。Morgan(1906)将Lacaerulescens 和L. virescens(Speg.)Morgan作为同一物种处理。通过研究 Laviriditinctus和L.caerulescens的模式标本后发现，除菌肉外，这两种都具有宽棒状或梨形的褶缘囊状体，而L. cyanescens担孢子较大且宽(Beeli,1972)，L.virescens Pat.具有褐色粉末状鳞片，这些特征的结合使它们易与变绿白环蘑区分开。
与上述几个种相比，近橙褶环柄菇 L.subcitrophylla(Hongo,1956)、L. trichroma Montoya &Bandala (Montoya &Bandala,2005)、La.viridiflavoides Akers &Angel和La sulphurellus(Pegler)Akers(Akers etal2000)均具色菌肉及受伤变蓝的特但其显微特征明显不同于变绿白环蘑。变绿白环蘑与Lsubcitrophylla和L.trichroma区别在于后两种担孢子呈近三角形，并具有锁状联合;与 La.viridiflavoides和La sulphurellus的区别在于后二者担孢子均具芽孔和具有丰富的侧生囊状体。
另外，还需要提及的是La.viridiflavus(Petch)TK.AKumar & Manim (Kumar & Manimohan,2009b)。该种最初由Petch(1917)作为Lviridiflava Petch描述于斯里兰十从最初描述看，变绿白环蘑与该种很相近，但该种模式标本已不存在，由于原始描述中显微特征描述极其简单(只描述了担孢子的形状)，很难判断二者是否是同一物种。后来 Kumar和Manimohan(2009b)指定一份采自印度南部Kerala的标本作为该种的模式，并将该种转入白环蘑属。变绿白环蘑与La.viridiflavus(Petch)T.K.AKumar & Manim 的区别在于后者具有顶部平截及不明显芽孔的担孢子。
除上述一些物种外，还有一些蓝色或暗蓝色的种值得注意，这些种包括L.caerulea Beardslee(Beardslee,1915)L.cyanea RickL. atrocoerulea Rick(Rick,1920)和 L.azurea Singer(Singer&Digilio,1952)。这些种的菌肉或鳞片为蓝色或暗蓝色而非受伤变色，因此与变绿白环蘑能明显区分开来。此外，Lepiota cyanozonata Longyear(Longyear, 1902) 为浅蓝色种干后变为焦褐色。